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Unit 5 addresses the issue of classroom management, which is defined as "[...] the skill of organising and managing the class, having a friendly, relaxed manner and maintaining discipline.". Classroom management is first and foremost a question of human communication between a teacher and a group of learners. It is assumed that this communication happens face to face in a classroom setting. The teacher is responsible for managing the class in a way conducive to the learning of the subjects at hand by every student, which is to say, a teacher is responsible for creating a classroom environment where communication between teacher and students happens effectively, inspires confidence and motivation, and helps establish good relationships among everyone in the classroom. To achieve an effective communication, a teacher must be aware of how to properly use eye contact, gestures and voice. She/he must also know how to give individual attention in an inclusive and balanced way. More generally, a teacher should always have a positive, friendly and calm approach to every activity and situation within the classroom. All of these features are also fundamental tools for establishing good rapport with the students and for maintaining adequate discipline, which in turn are essential elements of any good learning environment. One of the most important actions a teacher must take in every class is to ensure the right balance between teacher talking time (TTT) and student talking time (STT), with the focus being always on increasing STT and avoid unnecessary TTT. From that perspective, it is also very important to give instructions effectively and in a simple manner, asking students to explain back the instructions they just heard. Unit 5 provides a few suggestions on how best to manage both those issues. Writing on the board is also an unavoidable activity that a teacher must perform in almost every class. Unfortunately, that means turning our backs to the students and a consequent break in the communication. As such, Unit 5 also gives some suggestions on how to reduce the amount of time spent writing on the board. In addition to the manner a teacher communicates with the students, grouping students and arranging the physical space of the classroom are the two other main aspects that directly influence how the learning process unfolds in the classroom. Keeping in mind that it should always be allowed sufficient opportunity for student talking time and active participation, the teacher ought to vary as much as possible the way students are grouped. Activities geared to the whole class, students working individually, in pairs or in larger groups should all be used, depending on the type of activity, class size and other constraints like classroom furniture. Different grouping arrangements also create good opportunities for strengthening cooperation among students. It is a well established truth that human behavior is greatly influenced by the surrounding environment. Therefore, the arrangement of the physical space of the classroom is of great importance in facilitating all communication and activities that happen during class. Just like with grouping students, there are a few different arrangements that a teacher should use in order to create the best learning environment for each activity. Namely, orderly rows, circles and horseshoes, and separate tables all have their own pros and cons. Interestingly, the teacher's position and movements also play a very important part in how the students experience each particular activity and what role the teacher has taken for itself in each class stage.